1. Supreme Court of India

   • The highest judicial authority in the country.
   • Located in New Delhi.
   • Handles appeals from lower courts, constitutional matters, and cases of national importance.
   • Acts as the guardian of the Constitution of India.

2. High Courts

   • Each state (or group of states) has a High Court.
   • Acts as the principal civil courts of original jurisdiction in the state and also hears appeals from lower courts.
   • High Courts can also hear cases of state-level importance and have supervisory jurisdiction over all subordinate courts within their state(s).

3. District Courts

   • Operate at the district level in each state.
   • Handle both civil and criminal cases.
   • District Courts are presided over by District Judges in civil cases and Sessions Judges in criminal cases.

4. Subordinate Courts

   • These are courts below the District Courts, consisting of various levels based on the type of cases they handle:

   a. Civil Courts

   • Include Junior Civil Judge Courts, Senior Civil Judge Courts, and Courts of the Principal Judge (Munsif Courts).
   • Handle civil disputes of varying monetary value and complexity.

   b. Criminal Courts

   • Include Magistrate Courts (Judicial Magistrates of First Class and Second Class) and Sessions Courts.
   • Handle criminal cases ranging from minor offenses (handled by Magistrate Courts) to serious offenses (handled by Sessions Courts).

5. Family Courts

   • Established to handle matters related to family law.
   • Deal with cases such as divorce, child custody, alimony, and maintenance.

6. Consumer Courts

   • Formed under the Consumer Protection Act.
   • Include District Consumer Disputes Redressal Commissions, State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commissions, and the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission.
   • Handle disputes between consumers and sellers/service providers.

7. Labour Courts and Industrial Tribunals

   • Handle disputes related to labor and employment.
   • Address issues like unfair labor practices, wage disputes, and industrial strikes.

8. Revenue Courts

   • Deal with cases related to land revenue and agricultural land disputes.
   • Include Tehsildar’s Court, Sub-Divisional Officer’s Court, and Collector’s Court.

9. Special Courts

   • Established for specific types of cases to ensure speedy and specialized justice.
   • Include CBI Courts (Central Bureau of Investigation), NDPS Courts (Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act), and POCSO Courts (Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act).

10. Tribunals

    • Specialized quasi-judicial bodies for resolving specific types of disputes.
    • Include the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, Customs and Excise Tribunal, National Green Tribunal, and others.

These courts and tribunals collectively ensure a comprehensive judicial system capable of addressing a wide range of legal issues across different levels of jurisdiction in India.